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Paint tool sai lagging11/14/2022 ![]() ![]() Oxidative derivatives of 5mC, including 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC), although less stable and less abundant, also have functional significance besides representing demethylation intermediates. Cytosine is frequently covalently modified to 5-methyl cytosine (5mC), particularly in a CG dinucleotide context. The best understood epigenomic factor is DNA methylation. (7,8) Thus, elucidating details of the epigenome and their potential heterogeneity in disease development and progression is emerging as an exciting new aspect of precision medicine. (5,6) Sensitive to environmental insults, a complex regulatory network of “epigenetic” factors acts beyond the genome and can even cause diseases such as cancer, especially when dysregulated. (4) Perhaps the most striking example of nongenetic mechanisms shaping phenotypic diversity is the divergence of the transcriptome and other phenotypic traits in monozygotic twins occurring likely in response to environmental cues. (3) Beyond the linear sequence of DNA, environmental factors may also influence the phenotype. (1,2) As a critical innovation for precision medicine, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has led to numerous breakthroughs in terms of revealing specific tumor-driving mutations and assessing patient heterogeneity. Precision medicine is a modern medicine approach that considers a patient’s biochemical markers indicative of disease risk or progression in order to design an optimized prevention or treatment strategy tailored for a specific individual. ![]()
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